My main research interests are at the intersection of  Race, Youth, Gender and justice. My recent book (Race, Recognition, and Retribution in Contemporary Youth Justice: The Intractability/Malleability Thesis) gives a socio-historic account of Black, British and Canadian youth’s contemporary high rates of punishment. The research historicizes race and racialization in contemporary youth justice. The work locates penalty beyond the penal estate, into racialized youth’s everyday lives. Penalty is more appropriately examined as constitutive of everyday cross institutional experiences. Following a Critical Race Theory logic, the racialization of punitiveness in contemporary YJ reflects continuities of racialized peoples’ historic exclusion from the benefits of modern, universal rights.